Yeast infection

Allschwil, Switzerland, January 08, 2025 Basilea Pharmaceutica Ltd, Allschwil (SIX: BSLN), a commercial-stage biopharmaceutical company committed to meeting the needs of patients with severe bacterial and fungal infections, reported today on the progress of its Research & Development portfolio in 2024 and upcoming milestones. David Veitch, Chief Executive Officer, said: “We have achieved several significant milestones in 2024. We partnered with a highly committed, focused and capable company for the commercialization of our anti-MRSA antibiotic, Zevtera, in the United States, following its approval earlier in the year. For our leading antifungal Cresemba, the European Commission expanded the approved uses to include treatment for pediatric patients. This not only made Cresemba available to children, but also extended its protection from generic competition in the EU until late 2027. We are also pleased to have been awarded very significant non-dilutive funding from BARDA and CARB-X to support the development of novel, first-in-class antifungals and antibacterials within our R&D portfolio. Finally, we laid the foundation for future growth by commencing a phase 3 study in invasive yeast infections with our potential next lead product, the broad-spectrum antifungal fosmanogepix. Throughout 2025, we aim to continue both progressing our current R&D assets and expanding our portfolio through targeted in-licensing and acquisition of innovative, commercially attractive, pre-clinical and clinical assets, addressing unmet medical needs in the treatment of severe fungal and bacterial diseases.” Maintaining its strong momentum, the commercial performance of Cresemba triggered several milestone payments to Basilea in 2024. By year-end 2024, Cresemba was marketed in more than 70 countries, including the United States (US), most EU member states, China and Japan. According to the latest available market data, total global in-market sales of Cresemba in the twelve-month period between October 2023 and September 2024 amounted to USD 533 million, a 20 percent growth year-on-year, making it the largest branded antifungal for invasive fungal infections worldwide.1 Portfolio key highlights 2024 and outlook 2025 Cresemba® (isavuconazole): Indications expanded to pediatric patients In August, the European Commission approved the use of Cresemba in children with invasive aspergillosis or mucormycosis,2 following a similar decision by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in December 2023; the market exclusivity of Cresemba was extended to October 2027 in the EU and September 2027 in the US. Zevtera® (ceftobiprole): US approval and commercialization progress; Chinese NRDL inclusion In April, the US FDA approved Zevtera for SAB, ABSSSI and CABP, i.e. all three submitted indications.3, 4In September, Zevtera has been approved for New-Technology Add-On Payment (NTAP) in the US, which will provide hospitals an incremental payment in addition to standard reimbursement, by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Service (CMS).5In December, we announced Innoviva Specialty Therapeutics (IST) as commercialization partner for the US market. The US launch is expected mid-2025.In China, ceftobiprole (Chinese trade name: Sibipre®) has been included in the National Reimbursement Drug List (NRDL) at the end of 2024, making it eligible for reimbursement under the Chinese national basic medical insurance program from 2025. Clinical and preclinical pipeline: Substantial progress made and significant funding secured The “Other Transaction Agreement” (OTA)6 with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) signed in September provides up to approximately USD 268 million non-dilutive funding over up to 12 years for the development of novel antifungals and antibacterials. An initial commitment of USD 29 million supports the development of our antifungals fosmanogepix and BAL2062.In September, we commenced a phase 3 study with fosmanogepix in the treatment of adult patients with candidemia and/or invasive candidiasis, i.e. severe invasive yeast infections. A second phase 3 study, in invasive mold infections, is expected to start in the coming months.The Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Biopharmaceutical Accelerator (CARB-X) awarded non-dilutive funding of USD 7.3 million in December for the first-in-class LptA inhibitor antibiotic, BAL2420, which we acquired in January 2024.7 This was new funding on top of USD 0.9 million awarded in April. The extended funding supports the progression of the drug candidate towards a first-in-human clinical study which is expected to start mid-2026. BAL2420 is being developed for the potential treatment of severe infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria.Preclinical evaluations for the antibacterial tonabacase and the antifungal BAL2062 are well advanced. We expect to take the decision whether to exercise our option to initiate exclusive contract negotiations to license tonabacase for further clinical development and commercialization in the next few weeks. For BAL2062, our focus in 2025 will be on the completion of the preclinical profiling and the preparation of the phase 2 program so that we can start the clinical study in early 2026. About Basilea Basilea is a commercial-stage biopharmaceutical company founded in 2000 and headquartered in Switzerland. We are committed to discovering, developing and commercializing innovative drugs to meet the needs of patients with severe bacterial and fungal infections. We have successfully launched two hospital brands, Cresemba for the treatment of invasive fungal infections and Zevtera for the treatment of bacterial infections. In addition, we have preclinical and clinical anti-infective assets in our portfolio. Basilea is listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange (SIX: BSLN). Please visit basilea.com. Disclaimer This communication expressly or implicitly contains certain forward-looking statements, such as "believe", "assume", "expect", "forecast", "project", "may", "could", "might", "will" or similar expressions concerning Basilea Pharmaceutica Ltd, Allschwil and its business, including with respect to the progress, timing and completion of research, development and clinical studies for product candidates. Such statements involve certain known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which could cause the actual results, financial condition, performance or achievements of Basilea Pharmaceutica Ltd, Allschwil to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Basilea Pharmaceutica Ltd, Allschwil is providing this communication as of this date and does not undertake to update any forward-looking statements contained herein as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. For further information, please contact: Peer Nils Schröder, PhD Head of Corporate Communications & Investor RelationsBasilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd, Allschwil Hegenheimermattweg 167b4123 AllschwilSwitzerland Phone +41 61 606 1102 E-mail media_relations@basilea.com investor_relations@basilea.com This press release can be downloaded from www.basilea.com. References IQVIA Analytics Link, September 2024. In-market sales reported as moving annual total (MAT) in US dollar.European Public Assessment Report (EPAR): https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/cresemba [Accessed: January 07, 2025]Full US prescribing information: https://www.basilea.com/ZEVTERA_US_prescribing_information_46b9y4wk; SAB: Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia; ABSSSI: Acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections; CABP: Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia.Basilea’s ceftobiprole phase 3 program is funded in part with federal funds from the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS); Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR); Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), under contract number HHSO100201600002C. Basilea has been awarded approximately USD 112 million, or approximately 75 percent of the costs related to the Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) phase 3 studies, regulatory activities and non-clinical workDepartment of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services: Medicare and Medicaid Programs and the Children's Health Insurance Program; Hospital Inpatient Prospective Payment Systems for Acute Care Hospitals and the Long-Term Care Hospital Prospective Payment System and Policy Changes and Fiscal Year 2025 Rates; Quality Programs Requirements; and Other Policy Changes: https://federalregister.gov/d/2024-17021 (Accessed: January 07, 2025)BARDA OTA number: 75A50124C00033CARB-X’s funding for this project is provided in part with federal funds from the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS); Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority; Antibacterials branch; under agreement number 75A50122C00028; and by awards from Wellcome (WT224842) and Germany’s Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). The content of this press release is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of CARB-X or any of its funders. Attachment 20250108_Basilea Press release_Portfolio status update_EN.pdf

MARLBOROUGH, Mass.--( BUSINESS WIRE )--A new study published in JAMA Network Open titled “ Income-Related Disparities in Mortality Among Young Adults With Type 2 Diabetes ” underscores the need for addressing disparities in care and improving access to important therapies for type 2 diabetes. This study further underscores recent data compiled by the American Diabetes Association which states that diabetes is the most expensive chronic condition in the United States, and millions of Americans struggle to afford effective treatment of their type 2 diabetes and associated complications. Seeking to address this critical health issue, BRENZAVVY ® (bexagliflozin) is a safe, effective and affordable option for adults with type 2 diabetes. In the United States, BRENZAVVY is sold at around $50 per month through a network of online and independent pharmacies. BRENZAVVY's low price point makes sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor therapy a more affordable option for uninsured, underinsured, and Medicare patients. This increased affordability can help ensure that patients can initiate and maintain a safe and effective therapy, improving their ability to manage their type 2 diabetes. Adults with type 2 diabetes can easily determine if BRENZAVVY is right for them by visiting www.brenzavvydirect.com and speaking to a doctor quickly and affordably. For healthcare providers, BRENZAVVY can easily be prescribed without insurance plan headaches, such as prior authorizations or step therapy hurdles, that the SGLT2 inhibitor class traditionally faces. “ The findings of this study reinforce that many adults living with type 2 diabetes simply cannot afford to start and stay on their therapy ,” said the TheracosBio CEO, Brian Connelly. “ With BRENZAVVY, TheracosBio is fulfilling our mission to address financial barriers to care. By unlocking wider access to an important class of therapy, more and more people with type 2 diabetes have better access to a safe, affordable and effective treatment option,” Mr. Connelly added. BRENZAVVY is available as 20 mg oral tablets to be taken once daily, in the morning, with or without food. Phase 3 clinical studies have shown BRENZAVVY significantly reduces hemoglobin A1c and fasting blood sugar after 24 weeks, either as a monotherapy, in combination with metformin, or as an add-on to standard-of-care treatment consisting of a variety of regimens, including metformin, sulfonylureas, insulin, DPP4 inhibitors or combinations of these agents. Although BRENZAVVY is not approved for weight loss or blood pressure reduction, modest decreases in both weight and blood pressure have been observed in the clinical program. To learn more about BRENZAVVY , please visit https://www.brenzavvy.com . To learn more about TheracosBio, please visit https://theracosbio.com . BRENZAVVY Important Safety Information BRENZAVVY ® (bexagliflozin) is a prescription medicine used along with diet and exercise to improve blood sugar in adults with type 2 diabetes. BRENZAVVY is not recommended to decrease blood sugar in people with type 1 diabetes. Do not take BRENZAVVY if you are allergic to bexagliflozin or any of the ingredients in BRENZAVVY. BRENZAVVY can cause serious side effects including diabetic ketoacidosis that may be fatal. Signs and symptoms of ketoacidosis include nausea, vomiting, stomach pains, tiredness, trouble breathing, and ketones in urine or blood. Ketoacidosis can happen even if your blood sugar is less than 250 mg/dL. BRENZAVVY may increase the risk of lower limb amputations. Call your doctor if you notice signs or symptoms. Amputations mainly involve removal of the toe or part of the foot, however, amputations involving the leg, below and above the knee, have also occurred. Some people had more than one amputation. BRENZAVVY may cause dehydration, urinary tract or genital yeast infections, and low blood sugar. Symptoms of dehydration include feeling dizzy, faint, lightheaded, or weak upon standing. Yeast infections can occur in women and men. Signs of low blood sugar may include headache, confusion, drowsiness, dizziness, sweating, irritability, hunger, shaking, fast heartbeat, or weakness. A rare life-threatening bacterial infection in the skin of the perineum could occur. Stop taking BRENZAVVY and call your doctor right away if you have symptoms of this infection The perineum is the area between the anus and genitals. Symptoms of this infection include fever, weakness and pain tenderness, redness, or swelling of the genital area. The most common side effects of BRENZAVVY are vaginal yeast infections, urinary tract infections, and changes in urination, including an urgent need to urinate more often, in large amounts, and at night. For additional important safety information about BRENZAVVY, visit www.brenzavvy.com . About TheracosBio TheracosBio was founded in 2000 and develops affordably priced novel therapeutics for diseases with significant societal impact. The mission of TheracosBio is to expand access to new medications for patients with common diseases. COM-23118-01

IND2025主会场授课已被预定，大会第一天下午茶歇前授课时间段预定开始，咨询热线：177 0186 0390。点击图片，查看IND2024会后报告 文章来源：分子诊断实验室 儿童呼吸道感染病原包括病毒、细菌、真菌等。《儿童呼吸道感染病原体核酸检测专家共识》作为全球首个以儿童为主、涵盖全面的呼吸道感染病原学诊断应用标准，对这些病原体作了详细全面的介绍。 常见呼吸道病毒 病毒是儿童呼吸道感染的主要病原体，儿童呼吸道感染病毒种类至少涉及7个病毒科共200多个型别的病毒。 1.1 人呼吸道合胞病毒(human respiratory syncytial virus，HRSV) HRSV是全球引起5岁以下儿童急性下呼吸道感染(acute lower respiratory tract infection，ALRTI)最重要的病毒病原体，占所有儿童ALRTI的22%。据估计，全球每年大约有270万~380万5岁以下儿童因HRSV感染住院，引起约4.8万~7.5万人死亡。 HRSV属于肺炎病毒科，正肺病毒属，为非节段性单股负链RNA病毒。目前，ON1和BA9基因型为我国及全球很多国家的优势流行基因型。 HRSV感染呈全球广泛流行，其流行受地理位置、温度和湿度等因素影响。在北半球国家和地区，HRSV的流行存在明显的流行季，主要集中于11月至次年2月的冬季和早春季节；在热带和亚热带，HRSV在潮湿的雨季感染率出现明显增高。我国北方地区HRSV流行季开始于第41周(10月中旬)，结束于次年第20周(5月中旬)，持续33周。 HRSV感染在不同年龄人群临床表现差异很大，毛细支气管炎和肺炎是婴幼儿HRSV感染的重要疾病，严重者可发生呼吸衰竭，甚至死亡，年长儿HRSV感染可表现为症状轻微的上呼吸道感染或中耳炎。 1.2 人流感病毒(human influenza virus，HIFV) HIFV是急性呼吸道感染的重要病原，全人群人普遍易感，儿童和老年人感染后危害最为严重，每年可引起季节性流行，亦可引起暴发疫情。 HIFV可分为甲、乙、丙，共3型。甲型流感病毒依据其血凝素(hemagglutinin，HN)和神经氨酸酶(neuraminidase，NA)的亚型组合可进一步分为多种亚型，目前HN有18个亚型(H1~H18)，NA有11个亚型(N1~N11)。乙型流感病毒根据HA的抗原性可分为Victoria和Yamagata两个种系。引起季节性流行的HIFV主要有甲型H1N1、H3N2亚型和乙型的Victoria和Yamagata系4个亚型HIFV。 HIFV在全球呈广泛流行，但不同地区的HIFV型别和流行规模有所不同。我国甲型HIFV在北方省份以冬季为流行高峰，南方省份每年4-6月份出现流行高峰，而中部省份则呈现每年1-2月和6-8月双流行峰。 HIFV感染后引起的临床表现轻重不一，包括无症状感染、上下呼吸道感染，重症病例可以迅速进展为肺炎，亦可并发心肌炎、脑膜炎或脑炎，甚至危及生命。 1.3 人副流感病毒(human parainfluenza virus，HPIVs) HPIVs主要导致儿童和青少年呼吸道感染性疾病，是仅次于HRSV的第二大引起儿童呼吸道感染住院的病原体。 HPIVs属于副黏病毒科(Paramyxoviridae)，有4个血清型(HPIV1、2、3和4)，HPIV1和HPIV3属于呼吸道病毒属(Respirovirus genus)，HPIV2和HPIV4属于腮腺炎病毒属(Rubulavirus genus)。通常HPIVs的流行是散发的，无明显的季节性。 HPIVs感染可引起鼻炎、咽炎、喉炎、气管支气管炎、细支气管炎和肺炎等，也可引发鼻窦炎和中耳炎。 1.4 人鼻病毒(human rhinovirus，HRV) HRV长期以来被认为是"普通感冒"的主要病原体，主要引起上呼吸道感染。据统计，每年有30%~50%的呼吸道感染疾病与HRV感染有关。儿童是HRV的易感人群，据报道，有60%~80%在急诊科就诊的哮喘发作患儿伴有HRV感染，在3岁以下被诊断为毛细支气管炎的住院儿童病例中，有大约50%的婴儿感染或合并感染HRV，而几乎所有婴儿在出生1年后均会经历至少1次的HRV感染。 HRV属小核糖核酸RNA病毒科，肠道病毒属。截至目前已经发现了A、B、C 3个种共169个型别。HRV在全球范围内流行，一年四季均可发病。 HRV感染后主要表现为普通感冒症状，可引起喘息和哮喘急性加重。引起婴幼儿的支气管炎和毛细支气管炎。 1.5 人腺病毒(human adenovirus，HAdV) HAdV可分为7个种(A~G)和至少104个基因型，其中与呼吸道感染相关的HAdV主要型别为B种(HAdV-3，7，11，14，16，21，50，55)，C种(HAdV-1，2，5，6)和E种(HAdV-4)。HAdV-3和HAdV-7型是引起我国儿童呼吸道HAdV感染最常见的血清型，HAdV-55是引起成人HAdV社区型肺炎最常见的型别。 HAdV感染一年四季均可发生，在我国北方以冬春季节多见，南方以春夏季节常见。HAdV传染性较强，常可引起暴发流行。 HAdV感染可表现为上下呼吸道感染。HAdV是儿童重症肺炎的重要病原体，导致危重患者出现休克、呼吸衰竭、弥散性血管内凝血等，甚至导致死亡。 1.6 人偏肺病毒(human metapneumovirus，HMPV) HMPV是导致儿童呼吸道感染的重要病毒病原之一。在急性呼吸道感染住院患者中，HMPV感染约为6.24%。 2017年国际病毒分类委员会将HMPV种属划分为肺病毒科(Pneumoviridae)，偏肺病毒属。根据HMPV F、G蛋白基因序列的差异，将HMPV分为A1、A2a、A2b、A2c、B1和B2共6个基因型。 HMPV在热带地区全年活跃，在温带气候地区，HMPV季节性流行发生在冬季和春季，在3月和4月达到顶峰，其流行高峰与HRSV重叠或稍晚于后者。 HMPV感染患者临床症状与HRSV感染相似，严重者可发展为细支气管炎和肺炎。有研究表明儿童HMPV感染可能与中枢神经系统疾病相关，如癫痫、脑炎等。 1.7人冠状病毒(human coronavirus，HCoV) HCoV是人类上呼吸道感染常见病原体。普通感冒中有15%~30%是由HCoV引起的。HCoV属于套式病毒目(Nidovirales)，冠状病毒科(Coronaviridae)，冠状病毒属(Coronavirus)，分为4个属：α-HCoV、β-HCoV、γ-HCoV和δ-HCoV。HCoV可分为普通人冠状病毒(HCoV-NL63、HCoV-HUK1、HCoV-OC43、HCoV-N229E)及高致病性冠状病毒[严重急性呼吸综合征(severe acute respiratory syndrome，SARS)-CoV、中东呼吸综合征(Middle East respiratory syndrome，MERS)-CoV和严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2，SARS-CoV-2)等]。 1.7.1普通HCoV 引起儿童呼吸道感染的常见普通HCoV有4种，分别为α属的HCoV-229E、HCoV-NL63，β属的HCoV-OC43、HCoV-HKU1。 HCoV感染呈全年流行。不同型别的HCoV在不同地区流行特点具有差异性，流行高峰随地理区域有所不同，有一定的季节差异。北京地区HCoV-OC43感染多发于春季(4月和5月)，HCoV-229E的流行高峰是在2月。在上海地区HCoV-OC43感染多发于夏秋季，HCoV-NL63感染多发生于秋冬季节。在中国香港地区HCoV-OC43感染主要发生在秋冬季，HCoV-HKU1在冬季检出更多，HCoV-229E多发生于冬春季节，HCoV-NL63感染多发生于夏秋季节。 这4种HCoV通常引起上呼吸道感染，多为自限性，但在婴幼儿、老年人或免疫缺陷患者也可引起严重的下呼吸道感染，表现为喘息、气促等。 1.7.2高致病性冠状病毒 SARS是由SARS-CoV感染引起的一种严重的致死性传染病，于2002年11月，在我国广东省首次报道。随后，SARS病例数在我国大幅增加，并在全球蔓延，超过30个国家和地区相继出现病例。2003年7月，世界卫生组织(World Health Organization，WHO)宣布其流行结束。全球SARS病例数达到8 437例，死亡813例，病死率约为10%。SARS-CoV感染起病迅速，常见的早期症状包括发热、畏寒、咳嗽、身体不适、肌肉疼痛和头痛等，可发展为进行性呼吸困难和低氧血症，严重者可造成急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)，患者常因肺部损伤导致呼吸衰竭而死亡。与成人相比，儿童发病率低，且多为散发，患儿一般与SARS成人有密切接触史，未见在学校、托幼机构内流行；临床表现较轻，预后较好，一般没有远期严重并发症，未见死亡病例报道。 MERS是由MERS-CoV引起的一种严重的致死性传染病，于2012年9月在沙特阿拉伯王国首次报道。截至2020年，全球约27个国家报道过该疾病，其中沙特阿拉伯、阿拉伯联合酋长国和韩国疫情最为严重。截至2019年11月30日，全球总计2 494例实验室确诊病例和858例死亡病例。我国于2015年5月29日确诊了首例由韩国输入的病例。MERS-CoV的潜伏期为2~14 d，平均5~7 d，起病急，病情进展迅速；早期主要表现为发热、畏寒、乏力、头痛、肌痛等，随后出现咳嗽、胸痛、呼吸困难，部分病例还可出现呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等症状；重症病例多在7 d内进展为重症肺炎，可发生ARDS、急性肾衰竭，甚至多脏器功能衰竭等危及生命。MERS致死率较高，死亡率约为37%。老年人、免疫力较差或有基础疾病的患者病情较重，病程进展较快，预后较差。儿童发病率低，且大多数为无症状感染，死亡率较低，预后较好。 SARS-CoV-2是引起新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019，COVID-19)的病毒病原体。自2020年3月11日，WHO宣布COVID-19大流行，至今已1.5年的时间。目前，全球正处于第3次高峰的高位平台期。截至2021年11月29日，全球累计报告确诊病例超过2.5亿，死亡病例515万多例，病死率约为2.1%。 SARS-CoV-2属于冠状病毒科，β冠状病毒属。依据SARS-CoV-2的流行程度，WHO于2021年2月25日提出了关切变异株(variant of concern，VOC)和关注变异株(variant of interest，VOI)的定义。目前，WHO界定的VOC为4种，分别为Alpha(B.1.1.7及其亚分支)、Beta(B.1.351及其亚分支)、Gamma(P.1及其亚分支)和Delta(B.1.617.2及其亚分支)变异株；VOI为5种，分别为Eta(B.1.525)、Iota(B.1.526)、Kappa(B.1.617.1)、Lambda(C.37和C.37.1)和Mu(B.1.621和B.1.621.1)变异株。目前，Delta变异株为全球优势流行毒株。 SARS-CoV-2主要传播途径为呼吸道飞沫和密切接触传播，接触病毒污染的物品也可造成感染，在相对封闭的环境中暴露于高浓度气溶胶情况下存在经气溶胶传播可能。病毒在宿主外不能繁殖，但可在短期内存活，存活时间主要与湿度、温度和材质有关。在相同的材质下，低温干燥的环境有利于病毒的存活。因此，污染了SARS-CoV-2的冷链产品可通过国际贸易远距离跨国、跨地区和跨大洋传播。 SARS-CoV-2感染的临床表现差异很大，从无症状到死亡。确诊病例临床可分为轻型、普通型、重型、危重型。轻型患者症状很轻微，无肺炎表现；普通型有发热和呼吸道症状，影像有肺炎证据；重症患者气促、缺氧、肺部影像学进展迅速；危重型会出现呼吸衰竭、休克或合并其他脏器衰竭。 1.8人博卡病毒(human bocavirus，HBoV) HBoV属于细小病毒科，细小病毒亚科，博卡病毒属。目前为止发现4个基因型HBoV(HBoV1~4)。 HBoV所引起的呼吸道感染疾病四季均可发生，季节性不明显。 HBoV呼吸道感染所致临床表现与呼吸道其他病毒相比无特异性，轻者可无症状，或发热、流涕、咳嗽等，重者可致喘息、呼吸困难等，甚至死亡。 1.9人肠道病毒(human enterovirus，HEV) HEV在急性呼吸道感染中阳性检出率为4.7%~16.2%，EV-D68是公共卫生关注的一种肠道病毒病原体。 HEV属小核糖核酸RNA病毒科，肠道病毒属。基因组结构为单股正链RNA，可分为HEV-A(n＝25)，HEV-B(n＝63)、HEV-C(n＝23)和HEV-D(n＝5)4组。 HEV全年散发，各月份均有检出。但在急性呼吸道感染中，HEV在我国流行具有明显的季节性，高峰期主要集中在4-7月，年龄分布主要在5岁以下。 HEV大多数血清型对人类可致病，既可表现为无症状或上下呼吸道感染，也可引起包括急性出血性结膜炎、病毒性脑炎、急性迟缓性麻痹、病毒性心肌炎等严重疾病。 常见细菌      引起儿童呼吸道感染的常见细菌有A族链球菌、肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、百日咳鲍特菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、结核分枝杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌等。这些常见细菌性呼吸道感染季节性并不明显，可能多见于季节变换的时期。 2.1 A族链球菌 具有β溶血性特点，也称为A组β溶血性链球菌，是致病力最强的链球菌。其主要致病因子包括链球菌M蛋白、溶血素和胞外酶等。在呼吸系统主要引起上呼吸道感染，包括咽扁桃体炎、化脓性中耳炎、鼻窦炎等，较少引起肺炎和胸膜炎。该菌可致链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎和急性风湿热。 2.2 肺炎链球菌 定植在人上呼吸道，可通过飞沫传播，其侵袭力主要为荚膜，溶血毒素(haemolysin，HL)和NA也是其主要致病因子，多引起呼吸道疾病；根据肺炎链球菌表面荚膜多糖抗原的差异，可分为不同血清型，目前已知有100种血清型，目前引起我国儿童感染的主要有19F、19A、23F、14、6A和6B型等；可以引起上下呼吸道感染，是儿童社区获得性肺炎最常见的细菌性病原。WHO建议将肺炎链球菌疫苗纳入婴儿常规免疫计划，对所有<2岁的儿童进行肺炎链球菌疫苗接种，以预防由该菌引起的多种感染。 2.3 流感嗜血杆菌 是一种多形性革兰阴性杆菌，常定植于人上呼吸道，有3种主要抗原成分，型特异性荚膜多糖抗原(M抗原)、型特异性菌体抗原(S抗原)和种特异性菌体抗原(R抗原)，分为可分型(有荚膜)和不可分型(无荚膜)两类菌株，有荚膜流感嗜血杆菌分为a、b、c、d、e、f 6个血清型，其中b血清型致病力最强，f型次之。目前全球范围内致病型别以无荚膜型最为常见，是急性中耳炎、急性上颌窦炎、迁延性细菌性支气管炎、肺炎的重要病因。疫苗可以预防b型流感嗜血杆菌疾病。 2.4 金黄色葡萄球菌 金黄色葡萄球菌在显微镜下排列成葡萄串状，无芽孢、鞭毛，大多数无荚膜，常见于皮肤表面和上呼吸道黏膜，约30%的人可在鼻腔，特别是鼻前庭后部携带该细菌；产生并分泌外毒素休克综合征毒素1(toxic shock syndrome toxin-1，TSST-1)和肠毒素，特别是杀白细胞素(panton-valentine leukocidin，PVL)，是一种具有强效细胞溶解及炎症活性的打孔毒素，另外HL、表皮剥脱素和耐热核酸酶也是金黄色葡萄球菌的毒力因子。金黄色葡萄球菌致病特点之一是引起化脓，造成组织坏死和脓肿。除了可以引起上呼吸道感染外，还可以导致支气管炎、肺炎、肺脓肿、肺大疱、胸膜炎等。由于广泛使用抗生素，耐药性(mecA)的传播越来越受到医疗机构的重视。 2.5 百日咳鲍特菌 是百日咳的病原体，人类是其唯一宿主，通过呼吸道飞沫传播，传染性强，易感人群主要集中在1岁以下婴儿，其致病物质包括荚膜、菌毛、内毒素和多种生物活性物质。百日咳毒素是主要的致病毒素。细菌附着在上呼吸道的纤毛上，释放毒素，从而损害纤毛并导致气道肿胀。尽管全球范围常年维持较高的疫苗接种率，近一二十年来多个国家地区出现了明显的百日咳再现。百日咳鲍特菌导致肺炎的比例为25%~88%，部分合并肺不张，极少见侵袭致胸膜炎。 2.6 大肠埃希菌 为革兰阴性杆菌，是一大群多样的细菌，大多数位于肠道内的大肠埃希菌为非致病性菌株，部分大肠埃希菌群含有毒力因子，可发生胃肠道外传播及致病；目前基于主要表面抗原可分为约190个血清群，某些种类的大肠埃希菌会导致腹泻，部分种类可致尿路感染，在呼吸系统常致新生儿和小婴儿肺炎，可伴有脓胸，较少致肺脓肿，多在医院环境下发生。 2.7 肺炎克雷伯菌 是肠杆菌科克雷伯杆菌属的一种细菌，属于人类口腔和肠道正常菌群，在致病性克雷伯杆菌中，肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染最为多见，是社区和医院获得性肺炎的重要细菌性病原，尤其是碳青霉烯耐药和高毒力肺炎克雷伯菌，肺部可形成空洞、单个或多个脓腔，与其他细菌比较，并发菌血症机会多。临床实验室分离的肺炎克雷伯菌主要分为3个亚种，分别为肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种、肺炎克雷伯菌硬鼻亚种和肺炎克雷伯菌臭鼻亚种。 2.8 结核分枝杆菌 结核病是由一群关系密切的分枝杆菌引起的，统称为结核分枝杆菌复合群，包含至少13个成员，最常见的为人型、牛型、非洲型及鼠型，对人致病主要为人型，其次为牛型，在呼吸道主要导致原发性肺结核、血型播散性肺结核、支气管内膜结核及胸膜炎等。耐多药结核分枝杆菌是由至少对异烟肼和利福平这两种最有效的结核病药物有抗药性的病菌引起，成为危害人类健康的重要病原。 2.9 铜绿假单胞菌 是一种非发酵革兰阴性杆菌，在自然界分布广泛，各种水、空气、正常人的皮肤、呼吸道和肠道等均有本菌存在。为条件致病菌，是医院内感染的主要病原菌之一。主要的致病因子包括绿脓菌素、脂多糖、弹性蛋白酶和外毒素A，外毒素A是最主要的致病因子，经常引起术后伤口感染，也可引起褥疮、脓肿、化脓性中耳炎等；亦是呼吸机相关性肺炎的常见原因。 非典型病原 儿童呼吸道感染的非典型病原体主要包括肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma pneumoniae，MP)、肺炎衣原体(Chlamydia pneumonia，CP)、沙眼衣原体(Chlamydia trachomatis)及嗜肺军团菌(Legionella pneumophila，LP)。 3.1 支原体 是一类无细胞壁、多形性、可通过滤菌器的原核细胞型微生物。是目前所知的能在无生命培养基中繁殖的最小的微生物。其属于柔膜体纲支原体目下的支原体属。其中MP是呼吸道感染的常见病原体之一。全球感染率达9.6%~66.7%，且有逐年增高的趋势。全年发病，冬季更多见，每3~7年发生一次大流行。MP感染以学龄儿童多见，潜伏期为2~3周，突出表现为阵发性刺激性咳嗽，以夜间为重，咳少量黏痰或黏液脓性痰，有时痰中带血，也可有呼吸困难、胸痛。发热可持续2~3周，体温正常后仍可遗有咳嗽。严重MP感染可出现肺内肺外并发症的重症肺炎。 3.2 衣原体 是一群体积较小，能通过细菌滤器，细胞内专性寄生，并有独特发育周期的原核细胞型微生物，属于衣原体目衣原体科衣原体属。根据衣原体的抗原构造和DNA同源性的特点，将衣原体属分为4个种，包括沙眼衣原体、CP、鹦鹉热衣原体和家畜衣原体。能引起人类致病的主要是前3种。其中沙眼衣原体可分3个生物亚种，可引起结膜炎和婴幼儿肺炎。CP只有1个血清型，即TWAR组，CP传播方式主要是人与人之间经飞沫或呼吸道分泌物传播，常可呈地方性、散发性流行。CP引起的呼吸道感染约70%是无症状的或仅具有轻度症状，约30%为社区获得性肺炎。 3.3 军团菌 系需氧革兰阴性杆菌，广泛存在于湖泊和河流等天然水源及土壤中，也可在冷热水管道等人造水系统中繁殖。目前已知军团菌属有58个种和3个亚种，70个血清型，能引起人类疾病的约有30种，其中与人类疾病关系最密切的是LP，已确认有15个血清型，其中l型和6型最为常见，在欧美国家感染病例中，1型占80%。LP在自然界存活时间长，常在宿主免疫能力下降时依靠胞内寄生功能产生致病性，全年均可发病，夏秋季多，各年龄段均可以发病，成人发病高于儿童，男多于女。LP能引起社区获得性肺炎，特别是重症肺炎，还可引起医院内感染和旅游性肺炎，其潜伏期大约为2~14 d。可能出现前驱疾病，症状包括头痛、肌痛、虚弱和厌食。除了一些免疫功能低下的患者外，通常会出现发热，并且通常伴有相对的心动过缓。肺炎患者出现胃肠道和神经系统表现应提示军团病。胃肠道症状可能很突出，包括腹泻、恶心、呕吐和腹痛。约50%的患者咳嗽时会产生脓痰，并可能出现胸膜炎性胸痛。头痛可能很突出，并伴有意识模糊、癫痫发作和局灶性神经系统表现。 非典型病原 真菌是一种具有真核、能产孢、无叶绿体的真核生物。目前儿童呼吸道真菌感染的常见种类为假丝酵母菌属(Candida)、荚膜组织胞浆菌(Histoplasma capsulatum)、皮炎芽生菌(Blastomyces dermatitidis)、球孢子菌属(Coccidioides)、曲霉菌(Aspergillus)和新型隐球菌(Cryptococcus neoformans)等。真菌侵袭性感染常见于免疫功能受损时，尤其是各种免疫功能缺陷病、中性粒细胞减少、接受长期免疫抑制治疗及人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染的儿童；某些特殊情况下，如糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者的血清可刺激毛霉菌的生长。呼吸道真菌感染无明显季节特点。 由于全球气候变化和人类活动范围的扩大，真菌感染的流行病学也在发生变化。组织胞浆菌病和球孢子菌病在北美比较多见，芽生菌病和孢子丝菌病在北美和世界其他地区引起散发性病例，东南亚地区马尔尼菲青霉菌(Penicillium marneffei)病在免疫缺陷(如获得性免疫缺陷综合征)患儿中比较常见，而在南美洲，副球孢子菌经常引起皮肤和骨关节的感染。 4.1 假丝酵母菌感染 假丝酵母菌属菌体呈圆形或卵圆形，直径3~6 μm，革兰阳性，着色不均匀。可形成芽生孢子和假菌丝，经培养假菌丝中间或顶端可形成厚膜孢子。具有侵袭性的菌株在体内易形成假菌丝。 多种假丝酵母菌都能引起临床症状，但儿童以白色假丝酵母菌(Candida albicans)感染最常见。临床表现不一，可表现为局部黏膜感染，也可表现为广泛性播散，累及多系统器官。口咽假丝酵母菌病(鹅口疮)常见于小婴儿，也可见于使用抗菌药物、吸入性糖皮质激素(治疗哮喘或鼻炎)、化疗或放疗的年龄较大儿童以及有细胞免疫缺陷的儿童。侵袭性假丝酵母菌病尚与气管插管、中心静脉置管等有关。 4.2 荚膜组织胞浆菌感染 荚膜组织胞浆菌在自然界广泛分布，在被鸟类或蝙蝠粪便污染的土壤中最容易增殖。35 ℃培养时，可见直径3~5 μm，大小均匀的梨形孢子，人体感染荚膜组织胞浆菌后，一般可在巨噬细胞内或其周围发现其孢子，直径约2~4 μm，卵圆形，大小均一。 大多数病例是在较大量的暴露后数周发病，临床表现较轻，除发热外，体格检查通常无明显异常，但也可能发现啰音或实变证据。某些急性组织胞浆菌病患者可表现出流感样症状，伴呼吸道症状和影像学异常。症状通常在数周内缓解，但疲劳和乏力可能持续数月，尤其是病情更严重者。X线影像学通常显示局灶性浸润及纵隔或肺门淋巴结大。组织胞浆菌病经常被误诊为社区获得性肺炎，只有在经验性抗菌药物治疗无效后才会考虑该诊断。 4.3 隐球菌属感染 隐球菌在世界范围内广泛分布，其中新型隐球菌感染最为多见，其为圆形或卵圆形，单芽，厚壁，有宽阔、折光性的胶质样荚膜。隐球菌大小相差很大，一般直径多为4~7 μm，有些直径可达20 μm。周围荚膜由黏多糖组成，厚约3~5 μm。 隐球菌已成为一个重要的真菌感染病原体，可见于免疫功能正常的儿童。中枢神经系统和肺部是两个最常受累的器官，可表现为致命性脑膜脑炎和/或肺炎。咳嗽、呼吸困难和胸痛是最常见的肺部感染症状，但胸部影像学显示肺部结节或隐球菌性肉芽肿的儿童也可能无呼吸道症状。除了累及中枢神经系统和肺部，隐球菌还可累及皮肤、软组织、骨、关节、骨髓和淋巴结等，腹腔内隐球菌病少见。 4.4 曲霉菌感染 曲霉菌是一种典型的丝状菌，主要以枯死的植物、动物的排泄物及动物尸体为营养源。曲霉菌丝有隔膜，直径3~6 μm，分支呈锐角45°，菌丝两侧平行。 曲霉菌感染多见于宿主免疫抑制情况下。侵袭性曲霉菌病最常累及肺部。患儿表现出多种症状和体征，包括发热、胸痛、呼吸急促、咳嗽和/或咯血。中性粒细胞减少的肺曲霉菌病患儿存在典型三联征：发热、胸痛和咯血。胸部影像学检查常见肺结节和/或浸润影。烟曲霉亦可引起变应性支气管肺曲霉病(allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis，ABPA)，急性期主要为咳嗽、喘息、咯痰、咯血及发热。可咯出棕色痰栓。曲霉尚可以引起中枢神经系统感染。 4.5 毛霉菌(Mucor)感染 毛霉菌在土壤、粪便、禾草及空气等环境中存在。菌丝粗大不规则，无隔、多核、分枝状，直径约5~60 μm，不产生定形菌落。 毛霉菌感染在儿童中发病率逐渐升高，与免疫受损或其他免疫抑制患儿生存率的提高有关。毛霉菌病的特征为菌丝侵犯血管系统导致宿主组织梗死和坏死。糖尿病酮症患儿容易发生鼻脑型毛霉菌病或肺毛霉菌病，这是一种罕见但通常致死的真菌感染。鼻脑型毛霉菌病表现为急性鼻窦炎，伴发热、鼻充血、脓性鼻分泌物、头痛和鼻窦区疼痛。所有鼻窦均受累，并蔓延至邻近结构。肺毛霉菌病主要表现为发热伴咯血，亦有肺梗死及血栓形成。 4.6 马尔尼菲蓝状菌感染 马尔尼菲蓝状菌，原名马尔尼菲青霉菌，是双相型真菌，在30 ℃时呈现为菌丝形态，而在37 ℃时则为酵母形态。在细胞内菌体呈卵圆形、椭圆形，其大小形状一致，直径约2 μm。而游离于组织细胞外的菌则具有多形性，大小形差异大，直径为1~8 μm。 马尔尼菲蓝状菌可引起全身性真菌感染，主要来自东南亚和中国南方，在免疫功能低下者中会发生蓝状菌病。马尔尼菲蓝状菌的传播方式仍不明确。症状和体征不一，轻则为单纯性皮肤病变，重则发生呼吸衰竭和循环衰竭，儿童和成人的表现相似。呼吸系统受累患儿可出现咳嗽、发热、呼吸困难和胸痛，胸片可显示弥漫性网状结节浸润、局限性或弥漫性肺泡浸润。 END 免责声明：本文仅作知识交流与分享及科普目的，不涉及商业宣传，不作为相关医疗指导或用药建议。文章如有侵权请联系删除。 TDS2025检测自动化建设与应用论坛主会场，大会第一天下午茶歇前授课时间段预定开始，咨询热线：177 0186 0390。点击图片，查看TDS2024会后报告