6PPD-Quinone (6PPD-Q) has attracted widespread attention because of its high toxicity to aquatic organisms. Recent evidence suggests that the acute mortality induced by 6PPD-Q is closely associated with neurotoxicity; however, the key events and underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of 6PPD-Q on neurodevelopment in zebrafish and explored the potential mechanisms involved. Environmentally relevant concentrations of 6PPD-Q did not cause acute lethality, but significantly induced locomotor abnormalities and impaired neuronal development. In parallel, the expression profiles of genes related to neuronal development and neurotransmission were markedly altered. In addition, 6PPD-Q disrupted redox homeostasis, as evidenced by increased ROS and MDA levels and decreased activities of the antioxidant enzymes CAT and SOD. Gene Ontology analysis indicated that the neurotoxic effects of 6PPD-Q were associated with biological processes including positive regulation of the MAPK cascade, cellular response to dopamine, and synaptic signaling. KEGG enrichment analysis further suggested the involvement of the MAPK signaling pathway. Molecular docking showed favorable binding potentials between 6PPD-Q and several MAPK-related targets (binding affinities: -5.16 to -6.25 kcal/mol), while qRT-PCR analysis revealed significant upregulation of MAPK-related genes, including mapk8b, mapk14a, mapkapk2a, map2k1, and mapk1. Furthermore, Western blot analysis demonstrated significantly increased phosphorylation levels of p38, JNK, and ERK following 6PPD-Q exposure, indicating activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Notably, doramapimod, a selective MAPK inhibitor, partially ameliorated 6PPD-Q-induced defects in neuronal development, abnormal gene expression, and oxidative stress. Collectively, these findings suggest that MAPK-associated oxidative stress contributes to 6PPD-Q-induced neurodevelopmental toxicity in zebrafish.