Objective: To investigate the effects of oliceridine versus sufentanil for anesthesia induction and postoperative patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery. Methods: This prospective study enrolled 70 patients scheduled for elective gynecological laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia with planned postoperative PCIA at Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, from September to December 2025. Patients were randomly assigned using a random number table to either the oliceridine group (Group O, n=35) or the sufentanil group (Group S, n=35). Group O received oliceridine for anesthesia induction and PCIA, while Group S received sufentanil; both groups received ondansetron and flurbiprofen axetil in combination. The primary outcome was the incidence of PONV within 48 hours postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of nausea and vomiting during 0-<24 h and 24-48 h postoperatively, severity of nausea within 24 hours postoperatively [assessed by the visual analog scale (VAS), with a score≥4 defined as moderate-to-severe], the impact of PONV (assessed by the Myles simplified scale, with a score≥5 defined as clinically important PONV), postoperative pain numerical rating scale (NRS) scores, recovery parameters, and adverse events. Results: A total of 34 patients in Group O and 33 patients in Group S completed the study. The mean age was (39.3±9.2) years in Group O and (40.9±10.4) years in Group S, with no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups (all P>0.05). The incidence of PONV within 48 hours postoperatively was significantly lower in Group O than in Group S [35.3% (12/34) vs 66.7% (22/33), χ²=6.59, P=0.010]. Within the first 24 hours postoperatively, Group O had a lower incidence of nausea [29.4% (10/34) vs 66.7% (22/33), χ²=9.32, P=0.002] and a lower incidence of moderate-to-severe nausea [20.6% (7/34) vs 51.5% (17/33), χ²=6.97, P=0.008] compared to Group S. The incidence of clinically important PONV was lower in Group O than in Group S, but the difference was not statistically significant [2.9% (1/34) vs 18.2% (6/33), P=0.054]. There were no significant differences between the two groups in resting or movement NRS scores at any postoperative time point (all P>0.05), and no patient required rescue analgesia. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in awakening time, time to first flatus, or overall incidence of adverse events (all P>0.05). Conclusion: For patients at high risk of PONV undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery, oliceridine provides analgesic efficacy equivalent to sufentanil while significantly reducing the incidence and severity of postoperative nausea and vomiting, with a favorable safety profile.